I'm no engineer but aren't there safeguards built into a charger/battery that is operating normally? ie: put TF on charger overnight, battery draws power till full then stops charging?
A well designed adapter should have both thermal and electrical fuses, but in cheapness manufacturers usually go with just whatever the electrical code requires.
As for the battery, LiIon cells require a lot of monitoring during charging to keep them in good shape and from overheating. So there's a chip in lithium powered gadgets that monitors input voltage, temperature, and charge current and regulates the charge. There should be an additional chip or module taped to the cell that keeps the battery from going up in flames if there's a short or it overheats.