I was unable to obtain adb or any twrp files to unlock boot loader hence my attempt at a one click type solution.
Not sure what "unable to obtain adb" means if you don't explain what happens exactly, where you are trying to get the files, etc. So all I can do is assume, and hope that I don't suggest you do things you already tried.
If you want an adb/fastboot installer, the following should work, and decently up to date:
http://xdaforums.com/showthread.php?t=2317790
Otherwise, there are other adb installers if you just type "easy adb" into the XDA search function.
No such thing as TWRP files that can help you unlock the bootloader. By definition, you can't install custom recovery until the bootloader is unlocked, and TWRP is a custom recovery. So nothing can be done with or by any TWRP files until you unlock the bootloader.
I think I'm going to read up more and try the whole process over this weekend, but any tips guides or instructions would be helpful. The more I have looked into this the more conflicted things have become.
Again, can't really help with what is "conflicted" unless you give some specific details.
Its understandable that a lot of the threads may be confusing, as the info is often outdated. This is getting to be an old device, and a lot of folks that wrote the various guides have moved on, and not updating the guides.
The following is a pretty good AT&T specific guide:
http://xdaforums.com/showthread.php?t=2799796
But as mentioned, some things are outdated:
1) The driver package is old. You can get updated drivers by downloading HTC Sync from the HTC website. After installing (which will also install HTC drivers) you can uninstall Sync, but keep the drivers; if you don't want Sync (but I haven't had any problems keeping it).
2) I believe the Dropbox link for adb installer is dead, but I already gave an alternative above.
3) The TWRP version is really old, don't use it! Get TWRP 3.0.2 from here:
https://dl.twrp.me/m8/
The exception might be in the stock Android version on your phone is old, but if you tell me what it says for OS number on the bootloader screen, I can advise more specifically.
4) TWRP version is old, again, don't use it! v2.76 is the latest "stable" version, and you can get it here:
https://download.chainfire.eu/969/SuperSU/UPDATE-SuperSU-v2.76-20160630161323.zip
Everything else in the guide should still apply.
Vomer's guide is also a good one:
http://xdaforums.com/htc-one-m8/general/vomerguides-m8-bootldr-unlock-s-off-t2800727
Again, the TWRP version is out of date (use the current one linked above).
You only need to do Sections 0 and 1, as the remainder of the guide (S-off, SuperCID) doesn't apply for what you are doing (unlock bootloader, custom recovery, and root).
Also, highly recommended to make a TWRP backup of the stock ROM, before you root.
After root, flash wp_mod with TWRP to enable system partition changes to stick (and deleting bloatware is a system change). What wp_mod depends on your Android version. But for Marshallow, the wp_mod can be found here (you just need the zip wp_mod, not the whole ROM):
http://xdaforums.com/htc-one-m8/development/rom-stock-unlocked-developer-sense-7-t3262894