Using adb, you can try running Settings and see what's going on. Are your apps really missing or is your launcher just screwed up?
Do you have any data on the device? I would consider just backing up everything and reflashing a stock ROM or doing a clean wipe.
Have you tried adb pushing the apk for google apps and then launching the app via homescreen icon or adb shell command?
This is the first time I've ever encountered all apps missing. Also since you don't have a custom recovery installed, you can always root and install it.