After serval Test while I was in school and at home I found out:
Edge with Datasync on is the worst! Battery drains in 4 to 5h
Hspda/Hsupa with a good connection is way better. Batterylife 7h
If you just turn if off it saves a lot of energy! Up to 36h
So what I am doing now: I turn the Mobile Network off when I see that little E in the top right corner because the connection is so slow anyway..
Specs of my Phone:
HTC Desire HD with RCMix3D KINGDOM v1.1
1370mAh Battery
For actual data transfer, it depends on how often and how much is being sent.
3G transfers faster, so if you're just going after 1 thing, it can be less draining than 2G, assuming full signal strength on both, because it's in use for less time.
Yes radio and signal strength affect the battery. Some radios work better than others in certain areas thus giving a better signal. If you are right next to a tower your phone will last a while. The phone always tries to get a better signal thus causing drainage.