Update: I flashed an android 10 gsi with odin and, indeed, sim cards work normally.
I think you're right about that and I was too hasty to ignore it. I searched a bit more, and found this, in the official android documentation:
https://developer.android.com/topic/generic-system-image. Apparently, it means that this device doesn't offer full vndk support. Perhaps, there's a workaround, but is goes beyond my knowledge.
It's quite disappointing, because having to use the same android version defeats part of the purpose of flashing a custom rom, but, at least, we can get rid of the stock android go limitations.
I tried searching for a rom based on android 10, but with the latest security fixes (android 10 was supported until february 2023), but found none. I have not enough memory and storage to build it myself, so I've hit a wall here. If anyone wants to help, feel free to contact me.