Yes, it's amazingly good up to about 10x. Of course it's just an approximation, but you can do some maths: The 3.9x 64MP sensor's 0.7um pixels are equivalent to 16MP 1.4um pixels, or, for comparison with the S23U, 10MP 2.24um pixels (1.4*16/10).
Now, if go from 3.9x to 7.8x, you need to divide the pixel size by 2, i.e. you're left with an equivalent of 10MP
1.12um pixels.
Now look at the S23U spec sheet: The 10x 10MP lens is 1/3.52" with
1.12um sized pixels.
As a result, you can expect roughly the same image quality from the Vivo at 7.8x zoom compared to the S23U at 10x zoom.
Of course, that means the S23U delivers better images above 10x.
But here's the catch: At 9x zoom, the Samsung can't use its 10x lens! It has to fall back to the 3x lens. Anything between 3.9x and 9.9x => The Vivo wins easily!
So, the S23U is good for bragging rights with moon shots and bird photography and maybe if you plan to spy on people
But it does not offer a "gradual" zoom that you need for everyday photography, that emulates what you would normally be able to do with a DSLR zoom lens - only the Vivo can do that, because of the large high resolution periscope camera.
And what about 1-3.9x? You can do the same maths. The Vivo main sensor for example is 50MP with 1.6um pixels. If you zoom in up to 2x using the main sensor, you're left with 12.5MP 1.6um pixels, and between 2x and 3x the Vivo can use the 2x portrait lens with 12.5MP 1.4um pixels (binned) at 2x and an equivalent of approximately 0.8um pixels at 3x. Compare that to the S23U main sensor's 12.5MP 1.4um (binned) at 2x and approximately 0.6um equivalent at 3x, before the 3x lens kicks in.
It's only between 3x and 3.9x that the S23U has an advantage, where it can use the dedicated 3x lens.
See above
Of course it's not that simple, there are a lot of other factors, like lens quality, aperture size and of course the software!
But doing the maths on pixel sizes still usually gives you a good idea about the image quality you can expect from a phone.